25 results
Ten new insights in climate science 2023
- Mercedes Bustamante, Joyashree Roy, Daniel Ospina, Ploy Achakulwisut, Anubha Aggarwal, Ana Bastos, Wendy Broadgate, Josep G. Canadell, Edward R. Carr, Deliang Chen, Helen A. Cleugh, Kristie L. Ebi, Clea Edwards, Carol Farbotko, Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Thomas L. Frölicher, Sabine Fuss, Oliver Geden, Nicolas Gruber, Luke J. Harrington, Judith Hauck, Zeke Hausfather, Sophie Hebden, Aniek Hebinck, Saleemul Huq, Matthias Huss, M. Laurice P. Jamero, Sirkku Juhola, Nilushi Kumarasinghe, Shuaib Lwasa, Bishawjit Mallick, Maria Martin, Steven McGreevy, Paula Mirazo, Aditi Mukherji, Greg Muttitt, Gregory F. Nemet, David Obura, Chukwumerije Okereke, Tom Oliver, Ben Orlove, Nadia S. Ouedraogo, Prabir K. Patra, Mark Pelling, Laura M. Pereira, Åsa Persson, Julia Pongratz, Anjal Prakash, Anja Rammig, Colin Raymond, Aaron Redman, Cristobal Reveco, Johan Rockström, Regina Rodrigues, David R. Rounce, E. Lisa F. Schipper, Peter Schlosser, Odirilwe Selomane, Gregor Semieniuk, Yunne-Jai Shin, Tasneem A. Siddiqui, Vartika Singh, Giles B. Sioen, Youba Sokona, Detlef Stammer, Norman J. Steinert, Sunhee Suk, Rowan Sutton, Lisa Thalheimer, Vikki Thompson, Gregory Trencher, Kees van der Geest, Saskia E. Werners, Thea Wübbelmann, Nico Wunderling, Jiabo Yin, Kirsten Zickfeld, Jakob Zscheischler
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- Journal:
- Global Sustainability / Volume 7 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2023, e19
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Non-technical summary
We identify a set of essential recent advances in climate change research with high policy relevance, across natural and social sciences: (1) looming inevitability and implications of overshooting the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) urgent need for a rapid and managed fossil fuel phase-out, (3) challenges for scaling carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding the future contribution of natural carbon sinks, (5) intertwinedness of the crises of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) compound events, (7) mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility in the face of climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems.
Technical summaryThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Reports provides the scientific foundation for international climate negotiations and constitutes an unmatched resource for researchers. However, the assessment cycles take multiple years. As a contribution to cross- and interdisciplinary understanding of climate change across diverse research communities, we have streamlined an annual process to identify and synthesize significant research advances. We collected input from experts on various fields using an online questionnaire and prioritized a set of 10 key research insights with high policy relevance. This year, we focus on: (1) the looming overshoot of the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) the urgency of fossil fuel phase-out, (3) challenges to scale-up carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding future natural carbon sinks, (5) the need for joint governance of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) advances in understanding compound events, (7) accelerated mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility amidst climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems. We present a succinct account of these insights, reflect on their policy implications, and offer an integrated set of policy-relevant messages. This science synthesis and science communication effort is also the basis for a policy report contributing to elevate climate science every year in time for the United Nations Climate Change Conference.
Social media summaryWe highlight recent and policy-relevant advances in climate change research – with input from more than 200 experts.
Ten new insights in climate science 2022
- Maria A. Martin, Emmanuel A. Boakye, Emily Boyd, Wendy Broadgate, Mercedes Bustamante, Josep G. Canadell, Edward R. Carr, Eric K. Chu, Helen Cleugh, Szilvia Csevár, Marwa Daoudy, Ariane de Bremond, Meghnath Dhimal, Kristie L. Ebi, Clea Edwards, Sabine Fuss, Martin P. Girardin, Bruce Glavovic, Sophie Hebden, Marina Hirota, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Saleemul Huq, Karin Ingold, Ola M. Johannessen, Yasuko Kameyama, Nilushi Kumarasinghe, Gaby S. Langendijk, Tabea Lissner, Shuaib Lwasa, Catherine Machalaba, Aaron Maltais, Manu V. Mathai, Cheikh Mbow, Karen E. McNamara, Aditi Mukherji, Virginia Murray, Jaroslav Mysiak, Chukwumerije Okereke, Daniel Ospina, Friederike Otto, Anjal Prakash, Juan M. Pulhin, Emmanuel Raju, Aaron Redman, Kanta K. Rigaud, Johan Rockström, Joyashree Roy, E. Lisa F. Schipper, Peter Schlosser, Karsten A. Schulz, Kim Schumacher, Luana Schwarz, Murray Scown, Barbora Šedová, Tasneem A. Siddiqui, Chandni Singh, Giles B. Sioen, Detlef Stammer, Norman J. Steinert, Sunhee Suk, Rowan Sutton, Lisa Thalheimer, Maarten van Aalst, Kees van der Geest, Zhirong Jerry Zhao
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- Journal:
- Global Sustainability / Volume 5 / 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 November 2022, e20
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Non-technical summary
We summarize what we assess as the past year's most important findings within climate change research: limits to adaptation, vulnerability hotspots, new threats coming from the climate–health nexus, climate (im)mobility and security, sustainable practices for land use and finance, losses and damages, inclusive societal climate decisions and ways to overcome structural barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C.
Technical summaryWe synthesize 10 topics within climate research where there have been significant advances or emerging scientific consensus since January 2021. The selection of these insights was based on input from an international open call with broad disciplinary scope. Findings concern: (1) new aspects of soft and hard limits to adaptation; (2) the emergence of regional vulnerability hotspots from climate impacts and human vulnerability; (3) new threats on the climate–health horizon – some involving plants and animals; (4) climate (im)mobility and the need for anticipatory action; (5) security and climate; (6) sustainable land management as a prerequisite to land-based solutions; (7) sustainable finance practices in the private sector and the need for political guidance; (8) the urgent planetary imperative for addressing losses and damages; (9) inclusive societal choices for climate-resilient development and (10) how to overcome barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C.
Social media summaryScience has evidence on barriers to mitigation and how to overcome them to avoid limits to adaptation across multiple fields.
Ten new insights in climate science 2020 – a horizon scan
- Erik Pihl, Eva Alfredsson, Magnus Bengtsson, Kathryn J. Bowen, Vanesa Cástan Broto, Kuei Tien Chou, Helen Cleugh, Kristie Ebi, Clea M. Edwards, Eleanor Fisher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Alex Godoy-Faúndez, Mukesh Gupta, Alexandra R. Harrington, Katie Hayes, Bronwyn M. Hayward, Sophie R. Hebden, Thomas Hickmann, Gustaf Hugelius, Tatiana Ilyina, Robert B. Jackson, Trevor F. Keenan, Ria A. Lambino, Sebastian Leuzinger, Mikael Malmaeus, Robert I. McDonald, Celia McMichael, Clark A. Miller, Matteo Muratori, Nidhi Nagabhatla, Harini Nagendra, Cristian Passarello, Josep Penuelas, Julia Pongratz, Johan Rockström, Patricia Romero-Lankao, Joyashree Roy, Adam A. Scaife, Peter Schlosser, Edward Schuur, Michelle Scobie, Steven C. Sherwood, Giles B. Sioen, Jakob Skovgaard, Edgardo A. Sobenes Obregon, Sebastian Sonntag, Joachim H. Spangenberg, Otto Spijkers, Leena Srivastava, Detlef B. Stammer, Pedro H. C. Torres, Merritt R. Turetsky, Anna M. Ukkola, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Christina Voigt, Chadia Wannous, Mark D. Zelinka
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- Journal:
- Global Sustainability / Volume 4 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 January 2021, e5
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Non-technical summary
We summarize some of the past year's most important findings within climate change-related research. New research has improved our understanding of Earth's sensitivity to carbon dioxide, finds that permafrost thaw could release more carbon emissions than expected and that the uptake of carbon in tropical ecosystems is weakening. Adverse impacts on human society include increasing water shortages and impacts on mental health. Options for solutions emerge from rethinking economic models, rights-based litigation, strengthened governance systems and a new social contract. The disruption caused by COVID-19 could be seized as an opportunity for positive change, directing economic stimulus towards sustainable investments.
Technical summaryA synthesis is made of ten fields within climate science where there have been significant advances since mid-2019, through an expert elicitation process with broad disciplinary scope. Findings include: (1) a better understanding of equilibrium climate sensitivity; (2) abrupt thaw as an accelerator of carbon release from permafrost; (3) changes to global and regional land carbon sinks; (4) impacts of climate change on water crises, including equity perspectives; (5) adverse effects on mental health from climate change; (6) immediate effects on climate of the COVID-19 pandemic and requirements for recovery packages to deliver on the Paris Agreement; (7) suggested long-term changes to governance and a social contract to address climate change, learning from the current pandemic, (8) updated positive cost–benefit ratio and new perspectives on the potential for green growth in the short- and long-term perspective; (9) urban electrification as a strategy to move towards low-carbon energy systems and (10) rights-based litigation as an increasingly important method to address climate change, with recent clarifications on the legal standing and representation of future generations.
Social media summaryStronger permafrost thaw, COVID-19 effects and growing mental health impacts among highlights of latest climate science.
Index
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
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- 03 January 2018
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- 29 June 2017, pp 277-295
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1 - Old Bangkok: An Ethnohistorical Overview
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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- 03 January 2018
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Summary
Bangkok, the capital of Siam since 1782, served from the outset as the kingdom's ceremonial, administrative, commercial, and demographic centre — a primate city in every sense of the term. In speaking of its “premodern” phase, 1782–1910, covering the first five reigns of the Chakri dynasty, the city is conventionally referred to as Old Bangkok, or more formally, Ratanakosin. Thus, the 129-year time span from 1782 to 1910 may be termed the Ratanakosin period. As Ratanakosin, the city is often visualized as the walled and moated artificial island that still carries its name, but the physical contours of Old Bangkok reached well beyond those confines to incorporate the densely populated urban periphery. From the very outset, the Bangkok conurbation expanded progressively in area and population, attracting a diverse citizenry representing a multiplicity of ethnic communities while expediting Siam's growing prosperity and accelerating modernization. Yet, until the rise of the absolute monarchy and nationalism in the decades crossing into the twentieth century, Old Bangkok retained much of the feudal political and social alignment that had in former centuries characterized the ancestral capital of Ayutthaya. This introductory chapter briefly surveys Old Bangkok's spatial design, political structure, social organization, and ethnic diversity in their historical context as background to the five historical studies of the city's principal ethnic minorities that follow in Chapters 2 to 6, plus the five summary ethnohistories of lesser communities contained in Chapter 7. In fact, the present chapter can be considered to add yet a further ethnohistory in its discussion of the role played by Old Bangkok's Thai ruling elite and Thai commons in the city's nineteenth–twentieth century modernization.
RATANAKOSIN, THE JEWEL OF INDRA
City of Angels, Great Metropolis, Excellent Jewel of Indra [demiurge of the Vedic heavens], Capital of the World, Endowed with the Nine Precious Gems [divine virtues], Happy City Abounding in Great Royal Palaces, Replica of the Celestial City Founded by Indra and Built by Vishvakarman [Indra' architect], City Wherein Dwell Vishnu's Avatars [the Chakri dynasty kings, also associated with such kindred celestial avatars as Rama and Buddha] (Thipakorawong 2009a, p. 75).
6 - Taming the Dragon: Chinese Rivalries
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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- 29 June 2017, pp 171-198
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FROM CHINA TO SIAM
The thickly populated, culturally dynamic Chinese littoral extending from Taiwan to Hainan follows a great southwestward-bending arc toward the Southeast Asian landmass. Along that thousand-kilometre seaboard have resided for millennia a string of Chinese ethnic minorities — the Hokkien, Taechiu, Cantonese, Hakka, and Hainanese — commonly referred to as Chinese “speech groups” in recognition of their most prominent individuating culture trait. Over the course of innumerable generations up to the nineteenth–twentieth centuries they were gradually but never fully absorbed into the dominant Han culture. It was only in the past century or so that the cultural distinctions among those various ethnic subspecies, most readily distinguishable in terms of habitat, dialect, and mutual antipathies, were sharply attenuated under the compulsions of Chinese nationalism, Communist ideology, and rampant industrialization.
Among that regional cluster of ethnic minorities, the Taechiu (or Teochew, Chiuchow, or Chaozhou, among other transliterations) historically occupied a comparatively inconsequential position. Inhabiting the resourcepoor, flood- and famine-prone Chaoshan Plain and Han River delta, a lonely prefecture straddling the borderlands between southern Fujian Province (the Hokkien heartland) and central Kwangtung (the Cantonese cradle), they may well have been among the region's autochthonous lowland peoples, pressed by later intruders into that relatively inhospitable ecological zone. Considered impoverished country bumpkins by their more sophisticated Hokkien and Cantonese neighbours, they eked out a living as peasant agriculturalists, sea-salt farmers, fisherfolk, food processors, and coastal traders (Chang 1991, pp. 29–31). Their intrepid maritime skills, coupled with their stubborn defiance of imperial Chinese rule, earned them a lasting reputation in government circles as recalcitrant smugglers, pirates, and renegades (Antony 2003, pp. 19–53; Supang 1991a). As one early nineteenth-century Western observer candidly noted:
[The inhabitants of] Chaou-chow-foo, the most eastern department of Canton province, … are, in general, mean, uncleanly, avaricious, but affable and fond of strangers…. Being neighbours to the inhabitants of Fuhkeen, the dialects of the two people are very similar, but in their manners there is a great difference. This dissimilarity in their customs, joined to the similarity of their pursuits, has given rise to considerable rivalry, which frequently results in open hostility. But the Fuhkeen men have gained the ascendency, and use all their influence to destroy the trade of their competitors (Gutzlaff 1834, pp. 84–85).
5 - Contending Identities: Muslim Minorities
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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- 29 June 2017, pp 131-170
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FROM KHAEK ISALAM …
In former centuries, Siam's Muslim inhabitants may have accounted for well over a tenth of the kingdom's total population, depending on how far down the Malay Peninsula the Siamese realm is calculated to have extended; one knowledgeable Western resident in the mid-nineteenth century reckoned Siam's “Malay” population at one million, about 17 per cent of the kingdom' total estimated population (Pallegoix 2000, p. 2). The kingdom's retracted southern border following the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 caused its Muslim population to shrink appreciably. As a result, their number is today believed to account for less than a tenth of the total citizenry. In the absence of official census data by religion, a 1988 estimate of the kingdom' Muslim population multiplied the country's total of 2,600 mosques by a rule-of-thumb figure of 2,000 people per mosque to arrive at a national Muslim population of 5.2 million, or around 9 per cent of the kingdom' total citizenry. For the Bangkok Metropolis, the equivalent figures were 155 mosques and 310,000 Muslims, accounting for 6 per cent of the capital' residents (Thailand, Ministry of Culture, Department of Religious Affairs, Muslim Affairs Bureau n.d. (1988?)). Two decades later, those figures had risen to 174 mosques and 348,000 Muslims, or an estimated 6.1 per cent of the capital's total population (Thailand, National Muslim Center, Office of the Islamic Committee of the Bangkok Municipality, n.d. (2011?)).
Among the Thai populace, the Muslim minority has traditionally been referred to collectively — sometimes pejoratively — as khaek isalam, literally “Muslim guests” or “strangers” (Scupin 1998, p. 148; Keyes 2008–09, pp. 21, 27; Winyu 2014, pp. 3, 16), a term that carries subtle exclusionary connotations implicit in a sense of Otherness (Thongchai 2000a). Perhaps that Otherness may arise from the fact that the great majority of the kingdom's Muslims have historically been domiciled in the South, with only a secondary presence concentrated in and around Bangkok. It has even been rather fancifully suggested that the name “Bangkok” (originally Ban Kok) may derive from a centuries-old designation, “Ban Khaek” (Bajunid 1992, p. 25), referring to an early intrusion of those Muslim “strangers” into the Thai heartland.
Preface
- Edward Van Roy
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- 29 June 2017, pp ix-xiii
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Summary
More than half a century ago, upon my initial encounter with Bangkok, I discovered a labyrinthine city of joyous confusion, the exotic Orient in all its enigmatic splendor. From my well-situated home base on Worachak Road I first explored, always on foot, my neighbourhood from Wat Saket to Wang Burapha and then gradually stretched my reconnoiterings across an ever-expanding urban terrain, reaching from the Grand Palace and Sanam Luang to Sampheng's raucous waterfront. Wandering the city's dusty byways I sought to find the order behind the clutter but was stymied at every turn. In the process of negotiating the baffling metropolis I found that many locals faced as much difficulty as I in directing me to my destination. Few street signs — and those few only in indecipherable Thai — were available to guide my way, and house numbers were aligned in no apparent sequence; even a reasonable city map was unavailable. Only many years later was I able to acquire my first reliable Bangkok street-guide (Tanya 1984), which still occupies its cherished place on my bookshelf as a memorial to those bygone days. That unforgettable experience inspired me, in my abiding conviction in the innate rationality of mankind, to continue to the present day my search for the logical underpinnings of Bangkok's apparent spatial chaos.
Similar dissonance met my efforts to identify the guiding principles of Thai culture and society. A clear sense of easy acquaintance, happy camaraderie, and calm self-effacement overrode less affable undertones of nationalist sensitivity, class prejudice, and an elemental dialectic of seniority and servility. Bangkok's social cacophony was a pervasive presence. From dancing the ramwong (a formerly popular Thai dance form) at a sumptuous charity ball where the capital's elite flaunted their wealth, to sharing bamboo-joints of khao lam (steamed sweetened sticky rice) and tin cups of nam tan sot (watered palm sugar) at a roadside stall with a gang of sam-lo (three-wheeler) taxi drivers was tantamount to crossing civilizations. Yet all were Bangkok natives, and proud of it. Searching the city's few English language bookshops for clarification of that jumbled scenario, all I could find was an assortment of esoteric monographs on the “loosely structured” Thai social order (Evers 1969), elaborating on a curiously chaotic theory of the amiable incongruities of Thai life so evident all around me.
Bibliography
- Edward Van Roy
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- 29 June 2017, pp 255-276
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4 - Under Duress: Lao War Captives
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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OF LOVE AND LOATHING
Relations between Siam and the Lao states of the Mekong watershed soured during the Thonburi period (1767–1782). Whether that was primarily due to the dynamics of Burmese influence in the Lao country, the newly found might and exuberant expansionism of the Thonburi regime, or personal animosities between Thonburi's King Taksin and King Si Bunyasan of Vientiane remains a moot point. What is beyond dispute, however, is the political decline of the Lao states following the 1707 fragmentation of the kingdom of Lan Chang into the rival states of Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champasak, which deeply affected the capacity of the Lao to withstand pressure from their Siamese, Burmese, and Vietnamese neighbours. The result was a process of growing humiliation for the Lao at the hands of their Thai ethnic cousins (Wyatt 1994b). A respected pair of Lao scholars has succinctly expressed the lingering sentiments as a “Lao-Thai saga of love and loathing” (Mayoury and Pheuiphanh 1994, p. vii).
The roiling tensions between Thonburi and the Lao states led, in 1778–1779, to a powerful Thai military campaign against the Mekong riparian states, culminating in the conquest of the Lao capital of Vientiane and the capture and transport to Thai territory of large numbers of war prisoners (chaloei soek), including many members of the Vientiane royal family and its entourage. Si Bunyasan and several of his sons managed to escape the besieged capital into Vietnamese sanctuary. But his eldest son and viceroy (the uparat, nearly always the king's senior son or younger brother), Nanthasen, and other members of the royal family were caught and carried off to Siam along with masses of war captives and other booty, including the Phra Kaew and Phra Bang Buddha images, the chief palladia of the ancient Lao kingdom of Lan Chang. That conquest of Vientiane and its subordinate principalities marked a historic transition of the Lao states from political independence to tributary status to Siam, immortalized, to the lasting chagrin of the Lao, by the installation of the Phra Kaew Buddha image at Thonburi, Siam's spiritual centre.
8 - Retrospect: Contextualizing Some Contentious Concepts
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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- 29 June 2017, pp 234-254
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Summary
Ethnohistory unites ethnography and history. As ethnography, this book is the product of several decades of on-site interactive observation of local communities, is based on inductive methods of data gathering and analysis, and adopts a holistic, multifaceted approach to an account of Old Bangkok's spatial, political, and social order. As history, it is retrospective in outlook, takes a narrative form, and relies on a diversity of time-worn data sources, including unstructured oral histories, surviving primary-source documentation, and the scattered physical remnants of the Old Bangkok cityscape. In both its ethnographic and historical guises, the book seeks to place its subject in broad perspective by ranging somewhat more widely, now and again, across space and time than the urban landscape of Old Bangkok per se.
Beyond ethnography, the book ventures into the rather more rarified reaches of ethnology. As interpretation naturally follows observation, so is ethnology the child of ethnography. While ethnography is conventionally defined as rigorously objective single-society observation, description, and explication, ethnology delves more profoundly and expansively into the mysteries of the cultural landscape “to reconstitute the deeper structures out of which [the surface patterns] are built, and to classify those structures, once reconstituted, into an analytical scheme” (Geertz 1973, p. 351). Thus, ethnographic research is by inclination empirically small-scale and expository, whereas ethnology tends to take on conceptually large-scale and interpretive dimensions, emphasizing generalization, abstraction, and comparative analysis, exploring broad cross-cultural themes and theories.
The ethnography–ethnology distinction is useful here as an opportunity to explore briefly several ethnological themes that infuse the book' ethnographic discussion: Ethnicity, a means of identifying and differentiating socio-cultural groups; feudalism, the political form of premodern, ethnically diverse, emerging states; the plural society, which historically served as the organizational mode of Southeast Asia's port-cities; and the mandala, the spatial template upon which that world region's traditional political systems, and particularly its urban social orders, were imprinted. Each of those themes is itself a contentious concept, subject to long-standing scholarly, ideologically tinted debate. Yet, their conceptual plausibility is enhanced by the fact that they are closely linked, and mutually reinforcing. Jointly, they hold considerable explanatory power.
7 - Along the Margin: Some Other Minorities
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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Further to the ethnohistories of Old Bangkok's five major minority groups presented in the preceding chapters, this chapter deals with five of the city's smaller ethnic communities. Those groups — Khmer, Vietnamese, Thai Yuan, Sikh, and farang (Westerners) — are given relatively brief attention here because they constituted an often-peripheral presence, in terms of both their small numbers and physical location, and in most cases — with the notable exception of the farang — because we lack much essential historical information about them. Together, those five ethnic groups as of 1910 are estimated to have accounted for no more than 20,000 — 2.5 per cent — of Bangkok's total resident population of 800,000: 10,000 Khmer; 7,000 Vietnamese; 2,000 farang; and fewer than 1,000 Thai Yuan and Sikhs (Tables 1.3 and 1.5). Other than the Khmer, the bulk of those groups arrived on the scene relatively late. Nevertheless, each enriched the city's political, economic, and cultural evolution in ways that can still be observed today. They established new neighbourhoods and stretched the city bounds, introduced new products and handiworks into the urban market, enhanced the capital's cosmopolitan pluralism, and linked its destiny more intimately to distant lands and cultures. This chapter presents capsule biographies of those five marginal minorities, referring in particular to their origins, residential assignments, political positions, social status, economic specializations, and cultural legacies, as an auxiliary contribution to Old Bangkok's broader ethnohistory.
KHMER
Thai-Khmer relations at both the capital of Ayutthaya and later at Thonburi/ Bangkok proceeded along parallel lines — connections between the Thai and Khmer ruling elites, and Thai dealings with Khmer commoner communities. Repeated Siamese military incursions into Cambodia date back to well before the climactic conquest of Angkor in 1431 (Wyatt 1984, pp. 68–70). That Thai triumph and many further armed expeditions into Cambodia over the following centuries carried off large numbers of Khmer captives into Siamese territory. Select groups of captured commoners were assigned to the outskirts of Ayutthaya to farm premium rice for the royal granaries, and some of those war captives (or their descendants) in turn fled the Burmese attack of 1767 to end up at Thonburi.
Siamese Melting Pot
- Ethnic Minorities in the Making of Bangkok
- Edward Van Roy
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- 03 January 2018
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Ethnic minorities historically comprised a solid majority of Bangkok's population. They played a dominant role in the city's exuberant economic and social development. In the shadow of Siam's prideful, flamboyant Thai ruling class, the city's diverse minorities flourished quietly. The Thai-Portuguese; the Mon; the Lao; the Cham, Persian, Indian, Malay, and Indonesian Muslims; and the Taechiu, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainanese, and Cantonese Chinese speech groups were particularly important. Others, such as the Khmer, Vietnamese, Thai Yuan, Sikhs, and Westerners, were smaller in numbers but no less significant in their influence on the city's growth and prosperity.
In tracing the social, political, and spatial dynamics of Bangkok's ethnic pluralism through the two-and-a-half centuries of the city's history, this book calls attention to a long-neglected mainspring of Thai urban development. While the book's primary focus is on the first five reigns of the Chakri dynasty (1782–1910), the account extends backward and forward to reveal the continuing impact of Bangkok's ethnic minorities on Thai culture change, within the broader context of Thai development studies. It provides an exciting perspective and unique resource for anyone interested in exploring Bangkok's evolving cultural milieu or Thailand's modern history.
2 - Interlopers: Portuguese Parishes
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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Summary
Adozen years after Vasco de Gama's epic voyage round the Cape of Good Hope to India's Malabar coast, the Portuguese in 1510 established a strongpoint at Goa, which thenceforth served as the linchpin of their eastern empire. Alfonso d'Albuquerque, the second Viceroy of Goa, extended the Portuguese presence further east a year later by leading a naval squadron across the Indian Ocean to seize the wellsituated port of Malacca. Discovering that Malacca was a distant vassal of Siam, he immediately dispatched an envoy to Ayutthaya (by Chinese junk) to inform the king of Siam of the Portuguese coup de main. The envoy was well received at the Siamese court and was pleasantly surprised to find that no objections were raised against the Portuguese initiative. Returning to Malacca by the overland route from Ayutthaya to the Andaman coast, he officially apprised the Siamese vassal ports of Tenasserim and Martaban of the new Portuguese presence and friendly intentions. And so, Portuguese relations with the Siamese kingdom started off on the right foot (Bidya 1998, pp. 29–76; Campos 1959; Silva Rego 1982).
A second Portuguese mission visited Ayutthaya in 1512. After a twoyear stay during which the envoy explored trade opportunities for the Portuguese Crown, he returned to Malacca and then Goa accompanied by a Thai embassy. In 1516, Malacca dispatched to Ayutthaya yet another ambassador, who managed to negotiate a treaty of “friendship and commerce” between the kingdoms of Siam and Portugal, the first Siamese compact with a European power. The treaty specified that the Portuguese would be permitted to set up trading posts at Ayutthaya and other Siamese ports, that they would supply Ayutthaya with guns and powder, and that they would be allowed to practise their religion openly and freely. The Portuguese settlement that subsequently emerged at Ayutthaya was headed by a series of captains-major (capitanães-mor), appointed — with the concurrence of the Siamese authorities — by the Estado Português da Índia, instituted in 1505 and headquartered at Goa. In practice, the Estado pursued a hands-off policy. Ayutthaya's Portuguese settlement was left largely to its own devices and, much to the liking of the Siamese authorities, frequently carried out its mercantile activities in defiance of Portuguese royal orders (D’Ávila Lourido 1996, p. 76).
Frontmatter
- Edward Van Roy
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- Book:
- Siamese Melting Pot
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- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
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- 03 January 2018
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- 29 June 2017, pp i-iv
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About the Author
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
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- 03 January 2018
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- 29 June 2017, pp 296-296
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Contents
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
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- 03 January 2018
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- 29 June 2017, pp v-viii
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3 - Safe Haven: Mon Refugees
- Edward Van Roy
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- Siamese Melting Pot
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- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
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- 03 January 2018
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- 29 June 2017, pp 71-104
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Summary
OLD MON AND NEW
Over the course of the past millennium, a succession of Mon (or Raman) migrations crossed the Tenasserim divide from their Irrawaddy delta heartland in present-day Burma to settle in Siam's Chaophraya watershed. The earliest known instance of such migration created the fabled Mon kingdom of Dvaravati, centred along what centuries later came to be the western rim of the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya (Dhida 1999). Each new migration encountered earlier well-established Mon communities at their journey's end. In many cases the encounter raised tensions between the old and new settler groups, and in each case the newly arrived groups, or “New Mon”, became, in due course, established communities, or “Old Mon”, who were to face yet newer bands of Mon immigrants in their turn. The distinction between Old and New Mon thus historically presented a “moving target” in the history of Mon migration into the Chaophraya watershed and their interaction with Thai civilization.
Ramanya Desa (Land of the Mon) is remembered as one of the great early civilizations of Southeast Asia. At its height, the configuration of Mon states collectively termed Ramanya Desa reached from the Irrawaddy basin and Andaman littoral over the Tenasserim hills across the Chaophraya watershed, from the Bay of Bengal to the Gulf of Siam. Over a millennium ago the Mon people adopted Theravada Buddhism as the cultural foundation of their vibrant civilization. Having absorbed and adapted much of their lifestyle from South Asia, the Mon in turn contributed greatly to the cultural evolution of their Southeast Asian neighbours, including the Khmer, Thai, Lao, and Burmans. But the halcyon days of Mon hegemony withered away many centuries ago under the mounting pressure of Thai, Shan, and Burman southward expansion, leaving a reduced Mon empire long known to the Thai as Hongsawadi (Mon: Haṃsavati; Burmese: Bago; English: Pegu). Subsequent centuries of Burmese depredations upon the Mon heartland radiating from Pegu to Yangon (English: Rangoon), Satem (Syriam), Sutham (Thaton), Molamloeng (Moulmein), Maotama (Martaban), Tawai (Tavoy), and Tanao-si (Tenasserim) left a much-diminished culture zone (Dhida 1999; South 2003, pp. 49–77).
The perception of emotional facial expressions in stroke patients with and without depression
- Barbara Montagne, Gudrun M. S. Nys, Martine J. E van Zandvoort, L. Jaap Kappelle, Edward H. F de Haan, Roy P. C. Kessels
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- Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 19 / Issue 5 / October 2007
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- 24 June 2014, pp. 279-283
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Background:
Emotion perception may be impaired after stroke. No study on emotion perception after stroke has taken the influence of post-stroke depressive symptoms into account, although depressive symptoms themselves may hamper emotion perception.
Objective:To compare the perception of emotional facial expressions in stroke patients with and without depressive symptoms.
Methods:Twenty-two stroke patients participated whose depressive symptoms were classified using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (cutoff = 10) and who were compared with healthy controls. Emotion recognition was measured using morphed images of facial expressions.
Results:Patients with depressive symptoms performed worse than controls on all emotions; patients without depressive symptoms performed at control level. Patients with depressive symptoms were less sensitive to the emotions anger, happiness and sadness compared with patients without depressive symptoms.
Conclusions:Post-stroke depressive symptoms impair emotion perception. This extends findings in bipolar disorder indicating that emotion perception deficits are strongly related to the level of depression.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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